Physics of Downhill Ski Racing Essay -- physics sport sports skiing

Skimming is the craft of keeping up the flattest ski so as to accomplish the most minimal conceivable rubbing. The powers related with floating are genuinely direct: gravity, grinding, and air obstruction. Air obstruction has a few data sources that add to the absolute resistive power. Grating is brought about by the absence of a completely smooth surface between the skis and snow on a tiny level. Consider it the Rocky Mountain run attempting to slide over the Himalayas. On an infinitesimal level this is the thing that rubbing is. Two components add to the resistive frictional power; a typical power and the rubbing coefficient. The ordinary power is the power holding the individual up shielding them from falling towards the focal point of the earth. On level ground the typical power acts straight facing the speeding up of gravity. On a slant, the typical power is equivalent to the power of gravity corresponding to the cosine of the point of the incline to flat. This segment of gravity endeavors to quicken the individual toward the focal point of the earth, the ordinary power opposes this increasing speed. The rest of the segment of gravity quickens the body down the slope corresponding to the slant, a direct speeding up. It is the coefficient of rubbing that speed skiers and racers attempt to diminish to a base. The ordinary power is a consistent since it is identified with their body weight, which doesn't change over the span of the race. The coefficient of erosion is now decreased from ordinary levels as a result of the day off, it is the objective of racers to lessen this to a flat out least to augment speed. The coefficient of grinding is a unit less proportion of the power of contact to the ordinary power. The genuine incentive for the coefficient is regularly decided experimentally.... ...what's more, the power ordinary to the shear plane. These two powers again bring about a similar resultant power however are pivoted into the shear plane. The edge of pivot into the shear plane is phi in above second chart. Phi is the edge short the point in the triangle of the ordinary force(N) and the grinding force(F) on the ski partitioned by 2. This can be found in the principal outline. The centripetal power can be discovered utilizing the above conditions in the subsequent chart: Fc=Fs*cos(phi)+Fn*sin(phi) Fn=Fs/tan(O-b-F) The Fc is the bombing point where the racer starts to slide the ski and lose speed. At the point when a racer adjusts the speed, span, and different elements to boost the centripetal power and increasing speed, up to 2.5 Gs of quickening can be accomplished. Downhill ski dashing is an expressive dance and exercise in careful control of the laws of material science to be the quickest individual down the slope.

Medical Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Clinical Anthropology - Essay Example Given these two definitions, it drives us to the supposition that a few sicknesses might be brought about by specific infections yet these ailments are not really a consequence of being feeling sick. A comprehension of these two fundamental ideas is significant particularly when clinical masters are to analyze patients who are from a culture that is not quite the same as their own. Social researcher have consistently campaigned to recognize the socio-authentic childhood on the off chance that we are to comprehend a wonder, and the clinical field ought not be avoided from that. Indeed, numerous writing like Joralemon’s â€Å"Exploring Medical Anthropology†, contends for the equivalent acknowledgment of the cultural setting when giving finding. This is on the grounds that the socio-social part of an individual will enormously influence their impression of himself according to the sort of ailment the individual is encountering. Clinical experts may even be astounded at how much significance these â€Å"inner thoughts† bear to assist them with finding the genuine reason for specific infections. Firmly identified with the terms ailment and ailment is additionally another questionable and challenged subject in the clinical science field †the idea of â€Å"self†. ... This turned into the pattern after the development of a long-standing rigid limit between hard science and delicate science, among genuine and society medication and both sociology and normal science secluded each other when truth be told, it should supplement one another and should work connected at the hip. The development of another part of human studies in the long run demonstrated the previously mentioned idea erroneous and lacking; a genuine case against something that has won during most of the logical insurgency. Clinical humanities gave a stage to overcome any issues between the social and normal sciences. All things considered, what the normal sciences find or learn; it will at the appropriate time apply to social creatures. Consequently, it is insignificant to make a severe polarity among social and normal sciences particularly when we are in the quest for understanding social explicit maladies and diseases and showing up at long haul answers for address it. What's more, J oralemon’s book gave a broad conversation on the significance of fusing the previously mentioned socio-natural viewpoint in the clinical domain. The presentation of culture as a significant aspect in the matter of wellbeing at the same time (and maybe inadvertently) advanced with the idea of â€Å"self†. In anthropological terms, there have been numerous meanings of the â€Å"self† and these incorporate the accompanying: (1) the self as the individual body, comprehended in the feeling of the lived understanding of the body self †subsequently, alluding to the physical angle. (2) The second meaning of self finds out the illustrative utilization of the body as a characteristic image with which to consider nature, society, and culture (Mary

Using Online Research Paper Writing Services Reviews To Find The Best Service

Using Online Research Paper Writing Services Reviews To Find The Best ServiceOnline research paper writing services reviews can be a valuable tool to assist a student in making a selection. Many students have not been exposed to the quality and reputation of the services that are offered. This makes finding information on these websites all the more important.Finding good websites to use for your needs is not a task that can be accomplished in an instant. In order to get accurate information you should spend some time researching them to determine which ones are worth the time and effort that will be put into it. With the right research a student can find websites that can offer them some exceptional assistance.Getting a good service from an Internet marketing company is very beneficial. The process can be time consuming, but the time spent is well worth the results. Students can benefit greatly by selecting websites that are able to provide them with the results they are looking for .When looking for a good service, one must consider how well the website is maintained. The website should be up to date, fast, reliable and professional. This is very important in order to get the most out of the services that the website can offer.Online research paper writing services reviews are generally given to internet marketing companies because they are known for their accuracy. Some students do not feel comfortable writing on their own and they prefer to use an internet marketing company to help them. This is where reviews come in handy and give the student a sense of the amount of success that the company has had.Students need to know what they can expect from the research paper writing services that they are working with. They should be aware of the services that are available, and what they should expect to receive. These websites need to provide a chance for the student to provide their personal information in order to gain access to the websites that they want to wor k with.There are many review websites out there. One should only use these that are reliable and that will provide honest feedback from those who have used the services that they are reviewing. These should be easy to find and they should be offering a chance for a student to express their views about the service that they are seeking.When students want to work with an organization they can use reviews to help them find the website that will best suit their needs. This is another benefit to the student. A student should know that the writer is a professional and should be able to provide them with an accurate report about the website.

Incest Family and Child Sexual Abuse - 1573 Words

INCEST I never in life want to see you again! Door slams. Mother breaks down and cries again. She lies down in her room. Her son lies beside her to comfort her. Mom rubbed him, kissed, and told him she loved him. She woke him up in the morning; he gathered his pajamas from the edge of the bed and on the floor. Mom today was extremely happy this morning. Dad no longer being around and me taking his place was just the thing that mom needed. Are there true causes to why there is a desire to want to have sexual preferences with someone younger, vulnerable, and also in the family? This is stereotyped as incest or incestuous relationship. A number of thing depression, obsession, passiveness and many others could cause this. When an†¦show more content†¦The older brother Ââ€" younger sister parallels the father-daughter symptoms. The older sister Ââ€" younger brother is caused by her being intimidated by her peers. The same-sex incest is considered to be normal until the age of seven i s reached. In these different types of incest there are two types overt and covert. Overt incest takes place when there is actual sexual contact between the incestuous ones. Covert is the type when a child is forced to watch pornographic movies, look at magazines with pornography within, and or having pictures taken while undressing, and being watched while bathing. This type of misconduct amongst parents begins when peer have low opinions of themselves, even when they have a good paying job and everything is going in their favor. They feel as though there is a lack of control on their sexual and emotional lives, and wish to find comfort within. Sometimes the use of alcohol and drugs lower self-control, which lead to sexual abuse. The reaction is different because the victim may feel betrayed by someone they love, loss of trust. Victims blame themselves for partaking in the incestuous event and are made to feel guilty by having to bear the burden of being able to tell no one. This also brings the victims personal opinion down about themselves because they have been entangled in an unusual circumstance to where as theyShow MoreRelatedSexual Assault Essay examples1113 Words   |  5 PagesSexual Assault described in technical terms is defined as any sort of sexual activity between two or more people in which one of the people involved is involved against his or her will. (3) The description of against his or her will extends to varying degrees of aggression, ranging from indirect pressure to a direct physical attack. While sexual assaults are associated with the crime of rape, it may cover assaults which would not be considered rape. What constitutes a sexual assault is determinedRead MoreChild Abuse : Sibling Incest1898 Words   |  8 Pages Running Head: CHILD ABUSE: SIBLING INCEST Incest Within the Family Unit and Sibling Abuse H_D 300: Child Neglect and Abuse Fall 2014 Laiklyn L. Luikart 11334761 Abstract Incest is a form of child abuse that involves sexual contact between family members and the child. Sexual abuse is most commonly found within the family, categorizing it as incest. Incest has detrimental affects on children’s physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development and furthermore changes the dynamic ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexuality On Children s Sexual Abuse1652 Words   |  7 Pagessocieties. With regard the sexual treatment of children, the shift in thinking that has taken place has been also major. Jenks (1996) outlines that in history there have been recorded a multitude of examples of sexual maltreatment of children, that in nowadays would be defined as child sexual abuse. Only in the last three decades there have been a strong and overwhelming societal response towards this subject which sanctions and condemns it . Throughout history, child sexual abuse term has constitutedRead MoreThe Case Of Sexual Abusers1550 Words   |  7 Pagesthat this is not always the case. Sexual abusers are more likely to be people you know, and could well be people you care about; after all more than 8 out of 10 children who are sexually abused know their abuser. A large percentage of incest crimes involving children are often done by a male figure in the family. It’s usually father, or the stepfather, in the family who is the perpetrator, and the daughter who is the victim. In cases of daughter and father incest, the mother is usually aware of what’sRead MoreRelationship Between Childhood Sexual Abuse And Eating Disorder Symptoms1635 Words   |  7 Pages The Relationship Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Eating Disorder Symptoms Mallory Holt PSYC 401 Introduction Some studies have shown a correlation between physical, sexual and/or emotional abuse and eating disorders, but there appears to be no casual link. (Tripp, 2001). Between 30 to 50% of adult women report an unwanted sexual experience in either childhood or adulthood. This paper explores the connection between sexual abuse, specificity during childhood, and eating disordersRead MoreEssay on Incest Taboo1719 Words   |  7 PagesIncest is a word that is often misunderstood but universally considered taboo. While incest is listed as a criminal offense, many health care professionals have no clear idea of what constitutes incest or some incestuous acts are reportable by law. There are endless academic writings on the subject, yet may confuse rather than clarify because of lack of adequate definitions. Incest may be considered one of the only universal taboos, however, there is no uniformity as to which degrees are involvedRead MorePedophilia and Deviant Behavior1695 Words   |  7 Page sGrant Pikes Peak Community College August 3, 2014 There exists a group of people possessing what some refer to as a mental disorder, while others refer to it as a personality or behavioral disorder characterized by the urge to have sexual relations with those of a non-consenting age. Initially this paper will examine why exactly this is a deviant behavior. We will then go on to analyze their structural organization. Why people would want membership in such a group will then be scrutinizedRead MoreChild Abuse Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pages Child Abuse Child abuse can be in many different forms. Putting child abuse to a stop is everybody’s job. Children both male and female can experience child abuse. There are many different types of child abuse going on in the world today. What is child abuse? â€Å"Child abuse is a physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children, usually done by the parent/caregiver.† Child abuse can be in many different types, usually done by the guardian/caregiver.The Majority ofRead Morechild sexual abuse1658 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Child Sexual Abuse Siping Chen Laney College Psych 7A April 10, 2014 Child Sexual Abuse Child sexual abuse does not have a universal definition. However, a central characteristic of any abuse is the dominant position of an adult that allows him or her to force or coerce a child into sexual activity (American Psychological Association). Yet all offences that involve sexually touching a child, as well as non-touching offenses and sexual exploitation, are justRead MoreNarcissistic, Antisocial, And Dependent Personality Disorders1535 Words   |  7 Pagesvulnerable narcissism seems to stem from many causes including emotional, physical, sexual abuse, and overbearing parents (Hooley, p.355). Anti-social personality disorder (ASPD) is described as someone who lacks moral or ethical development is unable to follow correct methods of behavior, finds ways to be deceitful, has no qualms in shamelessly manipulating others and tended to have had behavioral problems as a child. According to the DSM-5 only individuals over 18 can be diagnosed with ASPD and the

The Cycle and Treatments of Depression - 1068 Words

The depression visualisation was produced to show that any individual can get depression and because of this it is ‘normal’ to ‘suffer’ with depression. The example used in the presentation of the visualisation was that someone could lose a family member and that then causes effect on how they perform at their place of work, which could result in them losing their job, which then causes them stress about money problems, which makes their social life diminish. Money problems could also cause a strain on their relationship which could then affect their family life. This gives the individual feelings of loneliness, self hate and maybe suicidal thoughts. This shows that one terrible thing happening to them has caused gloomy feelings in other†¦show more content†¦Freud (1917) explained depression as a response to loss. This could be either real loss, such as a loss of a family member, or a symbolic loss, such as failure to achieve an important goal. Freu d suggested that loss caused a person to have a weakened ego which resulted in self hate and self destruction. This was the first time people started believing that depression was an illness that was caused because of an event happening to that individual, rather than it being some sort of brain disorder or physical disease. During the 19th and 20th centuries treatments involved lobotomy. Lobotomies were often ineffective, and caused people to have personality changes, unable to make decisions, and poor judgment and sometimes led to comas and death. In the 1950s and 1960s knowledge of the brain and brain chemistry increased which resulted in believing depression was caused by a change in the environment, such as the death of a family member. This is why the visualisation is so relevant. Any one can experience some sort of loss. Currently it is accepted that depression is caused by biological, psychological and social factors and that all approaches to treatment have an important rol e to play. Today there are a number of treatments for depression (NHS, 2012). These include talking therapies such as cognitive behaviour therapy, interpersonal therapy and counselling, as well as medical treatments such asShow MoreRelatedMental Illness Which Requires Medication And Intervention ( Allison M. R. Lee1584 Words   |  7 Pagespaper focuses on the biological, cognitive, and psychological effects of this disorder. It will also explain the social issues associated with this illness and the treatments available for women. It is known as a mood swing disorder because a person can go from being in a state of happiness and having tons of energy to deep depression and feeling tired (Nevid, Rathus Greene, 2014). People who experience bipolar disorder have no indication of when their mood will change. One day they may feel greatRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Psychotic Depression1143 Words   |  5 PagesPsychotic depression, or psychosis, is a mental state of false believe s, known as delusions, or false sights or sounds, known as hallucinations. This type is usually not associated with depression, but about 20% of people diagnosed with depression have severe episodes where the person can see or hear things that are not really there. (Lliades, 2015) The symptoms of psychotic depression can possibly be agitation, anxiety, constipation, hypochondria, insomnia, physical immobility, intellectual impairmentRead MoreDepression And Seasonal Affective Disorder885 Words   |  4 Pagespublic health. Depression and more specifically Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) can happen to anyone, and it is important to be treated when experiencing health problems like these. While I have never experienced seasonal depression, its temporal nature and the treatment of the disorder interest me. I researched SAD when I considered studying it as a topic for my undergraduate senior thesis. During the thesis preparation process, I looked at articles about SAD and its common used treatment of light therapyRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Bipolar And Depression1461 Words   |  6 Pagesbipolar are manic depressive disorder, this is due to for the individuals having periods of mania, and periods of depression. Bipolar is derived from having two moods, hence ma nia and depression. Mania is a period of energy, individuals will feel energized, on top of the world and may even experience sleep deprivation. Sometime later, the energy goes away, and depression will set it. Depression is where the individual will be at their lowest, become suicidal and struggle to be productive in various placesRead MoreThe Culture Of Poverty : Inaccessibility Of Healthcare993 Words   |  4 Pagescontinuous cycle of poverty. The inefficiency of the public health officials in providing basic healthcare to all individuals has been a topic of contention which has been leading the initiative of healthcare reform in the United States. Background Research and History The cycle of poverty has been in existence for a long time because of the difference in class levels. The widening gap between these class levels leads to disparity in all aspects of the life of these individuals. The cycle of povertyRead MoreBipolar Depression : Depression And Depression1408 Words   |  6 Pages Bipolar depression is also called Manic depression and is characterized by severe shifts in a person’s mood, thoughts, energy and behavior – this includes the high of a manic state down to the low of a depressive state. It is an ever revolving cycle that may last from days to months. These mood swings are different from normal hormonal mood fluctuations because they impact a person’s ability to function from day to day. During manic episodes, the person feels the need to participate in adrenalineRead MoreManagement of Bipolar Disorder in Adults and Diagnosis in Adolescent Children726 Words   |  3 Pagesindividuals experience episodes of mania and depression. The medications used in treating bipolar disorder have been effective when properly diagnosed, but there is a risk of suicide while undergoing therapy. Treatments for bipolar disorder our on the market but they can only treat the mania or the depression, which is why the patient needs to be under supervision. When a person does not follow the prescribed course of treatment the risk of suicide increases. Another problemRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Bipolar And Depression1461 Words   |  6 Pagesbipolar are manic depressive disorder, this is due to for the individuals having periods of mania, and periods of depression. Bipolar is derived from having two moods, hence mania and depression. Mania is a period of energy, individuals will feel energized, on top of the world and may even experience sleep deprivation. Sometime later, the energy goes away, and depression will set it. Depression is where the individual will be at their lowest, become suicidal and struggle to be productive in various placesRead MoreFood Addiction1518 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-esteem is reliant upon body shape and weight. Physical implications may include disruption of the menstrual cycle also known as amenorrhea, signs of starvation, thinning of hair or hair loss, bloated, yellowish palms/soles of feet, dry and pasty skin. The risks that people take while indulging in anorexia can also become physiologically and mentally damaging. There are several effective treatments. One of which is hospitalization, this occurs when the weight loss is greater than 30% in 3 months timeRead MoreEssay on Food Addiction in America1499 Words   |  6 PagesSelf-esteem is reliant upon body shape and weight. Physical implications may include disruption of the menstrual cycle also known as amenorrhea, signs of starvation, thinning of hair or hair loss, bloated, yellowish palms/soles of feet, dry and pasty skin. The risks that people take while indulging in anorexia can also become physiologically and mentally damaging. There are several effective treatments. One of which is hospitalization, this occurs when the weight loss is greater than 30% in 3 months time

Essay Yersinia pestis - Bacteria Virulence and Symptoms

Yersinia pestis - Bacteria Virulence and Symptoms Yersinia pestis appeared fairly early in history and is still prevailing today. Humans have come in contact with this bacterium in massive outbreaks throughout history, including the most famous Black Death of the 14th century. From the lack of knowledge of the bacteria and its ability to infect populations rapidly, the human race has suffered immensely. The bacterium is specialized with specific plasmids, Yersinia outer proteins as well as other toxins that it uses to disrupt the bodys immune response. Through this, Yersinia pestis avoids harm and effectively infects the circulatory system of its host causing three forms of the plague: Bubonic, Pneumonic and Septicemic. Each form of†¦show more content†¦This rapidly deadly disease, characterized by these certain factors, enable the bacterium to eventually lead the host into a painful death. 2 The bacteria, Yersinia pestis, is encoded with two specific plasmids that aid in the transfer and survival of the bacteria, especially in the wild. Both of these plasmids must be present on the bacteria for full virulence of the organism. The largest of the extrachromosomal elements, with typical strains of ~100 kb, is the Murine toxin plasmid (pFra), a capsule protein. pFra is characterized by two specific factors: FI capsular protein antigen and YMT. The second plasmid, Pesticin plasmid named pPla after the plasminogen activator, happens to be the smallest of the plasmids. The bacteriocin (pesticin;Pst) and the bilanolysin and coagulase activities are found to be connected with one another and aids the former organism of Yersinia in the invasion of the host from peripheral sites (Carniel 41). After the bacteria is injected through a bite of the rat flea, Yersinia pestis affects the immune system similar to the bacterial agent, Bacillis anthracis. By having a Type III secretion syst em, the bacteria are able to find a means ? to target virulence factors directly at host cells. The common Yersinia encoded plasmid molecule, pYV (or pLcr), found on the bacteria specifically aids in the injection of cytotoxic proteins into the macrophages, preventing theShow MoreRelatedYersinia Pestis And The Plague872 Words   |  4 PagesYersinia pestis and the Plague The infectious disease known as â€Å"the Plague† is spread by a bacterium classified as Yersinia pestis, which is usually transmitted in the bites of fleas or infected animals or people. Infectious Disease: Signs and Symptoms The plague has three different forms: Bubonic, Septicemic, and Pneumonic. The signs and symptoms of the bubonic plague usually include fever, headache, chills, and weakness and one or more swollen, tender and painful lymph nodes. A flea will typicallyRead MoreYersinia Pestis And The Plague1131 Words   |  5 PagesYersinia pestis and the Plague Jin You MMI 133 Dr. Judith Gnarpe One organism that commonly causes diseases in humans is Yersinia pestis. This bacterium is the causative agent of the infamous bubonic plague, primary septicaemic plague, and primary pneumonic plague. Y. pestis was first discovered by Shibasaburo Kitasato and Alexandre Yersin, but due to Yersin’s description of the bacteria being more accurate, this bacterium was named after him (3). There are still disputes going on for who had correctlyRead MoreThe Causative Agent Of The Infamous Bubonic Plague, Primary Septicaemic Plague And Primary Pneumonic Plague1604 Words   |  7 PagesYersinia pestis is the causative agent of the infamous bubonic plague, primary septicaemic plague, and primary pneumonic plague. Y. pestis was first discovered by Shibasaburo Kitasato and Alexandre Yersin, but due to Yersin’s description of the bacteria being more accurate, this bacterium was named after him (3). There are still disputes going on for who had correctly identified Y. pestis first. Yersinia pestis belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae bacteria family and is a Gram-negative coccobacillusRead MoreEssay about Transmission of the Plague to Humans1477 Words   |  6 PagesTransmission of the Plague to Humans Abstract Yersinia pestis is a bacterium that has been well known to mankind for centuries. Its mechanisms of survival in wide variety of species are extraordinary. The power of this bacterium is dependent on its manipulation of the immune system of its host’s. Its means of survival in the flea and its use of the flea as a vector to other desirable hosts portray this bacterium’s true capability. This flea is the main cause of the bacterium to other animalsRead MoreThe Plague Of The Black Plague Essay2352 Words   |  10 PagesABSTRACT The Bubonic Plagues a highly lethal infection caused by the microbe Yersinia pestis. This plague is most commonly associated with the plague of the 14th century, when it wiped out nearly half of the entire European population. The Bubonic Plague spread rapidly throughout Europe and was an often fatal illness, characterized by enlarged lymph nodes with pus filled buboes, gangrene, septicemia, and severe lung infections, followed by the quick onslaught of death. The Black Plague is theRead More Biological Terrorism Essay5064 Words   |  21 Pagesunwittingly played host to the first recorded incidence of bioterrorism. The first symptoms appear nearly a week later. At first, victims believe they are suffering from the flu, but symptoms quickly progress from fever, rigors and headache to severe chest pain, irregular heartbeat and pustular eruptions. In the absence of treatment, nearly all those infected die within two weeks of the onset of symptoms. 1 Could this really happen? In the above case, glanders (BurkholderiaRead MoreDendritic Cells Case Study1804 Words   |  8 Pagesmigratory dendritic cells. DC related congenital immunodeficiency: Basically there have two immunodeficiency been recognized that directly affect DCs. GATA2 mutation Heterozygote mutation in GATA2 gene is characterized by a wide variety of clinical symptoms including Emberger syndrome, familial myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML) in hematopoietic compartment. But it has also been reported susceptibility for autoimmunity, lymphedema and deafness as well which are not directly categorized

Innovation and creativity evaluation of Apple Corporation free essay sample

There are many theoretical approaches were developed since the processes of creativity and innovation have become an essential part of businesses. In particular, Graham Wallas theoretical framework was applied in synthesis with the bright example from the experience of Apple Corporation to deeper evaluate and understand the process. The process of innovation and the way of it managing was described by 3 phases innovation process with clear evaluation and presentation of the main steps the process of innovation comes through. The example of Apple Corporation innovation process showed the most appropriate experience described by theoretical framework. Being an entrepreneurial organisation Apple Corporation has developed a number of behavioural rules and general philosophy to operate and keep the top position in the global market. The company has great opportunities to develop in future prospects and stay the world’s leader of production personal computers, softwares and electronic devices. Introduction Apple Corporation has been globally best-known company by its own highly innovative products that almost does not have any analogues by its technological, creative and innovative basis (Tyrangiel, 2012). The financial system is concerned about money, credit and finance-the three terms are intimately related yet are somewhat different from each other. Indian financial system consists of financial market, financial instruments and financial intermediation Role/ Functions of Financial System: A financial system performs the following functions: * It serves as a link between savers and investors. It helps in utilizing the mobilized savings of scattered savers in more efficient and effective manner. It channelises flow of saving into productive investment. * It assists in the selection of the projects to be financed and also reviews the performance of such projects periodically. * It provides payment mechanism for exchange of goods and services. * It provides a mechanism for the transfer of resources across geographic boundaries. It provides a   mechanism for managing and controlling the risk involved in mobilizing savings and allocating credit. * It promotes the process of capital formation by bringing together the supply of saving and the demand for investible funds. * It helps in lowering the cost of transaction and increase returns. Reduce cost motives people to save more. * It provides you detailed information to the operators/ players in the market such as individuals, business houses, Governments etc. Components/ Constituents of Indian Financial system: The following are the four main components of Indian Financial system 1. Financial institutions 2. Financial Markets 3. Financial Instruments/Assets/Securities 4. Financial Services. Financial institutions: Financial institutions are the intermediaries who facilitates smooth functioning of the financial system by making investors and borrowers meet. They mobilize savings of the surplus units and allocate them in productive activities promising a better rate of return. Financial institutions also provide services to entities seeking advises on various issues ranging from restructuring to diversification plans. They provide whole range of services to the entities who want to raise funds from the markets elsewhere. Financial institutions act as financial intermediaries because they act as middlemen between savers and borrowers. Were these financial institutions may be of Banking or Non-Banking institutions. Financial Markets: Finance is a prerequisite for modern business and financial institutions play a vital role in economic system. Its through financial markets the financial system of an economy works. The main functions of financial markets are. To facilitate creation and allocation of credit and liquidity; 2. to serve as intermediaries for mobilization of savings; 3. to assist process of balanced economic growth; 4. to provide financial convenience Financial Instruments Another important constituent of financial system is financial instruments. They represent a claim against the future income and wealth of others. It will be a claim against a person or an institutions, for the payment of the some of the money at a specified future date. Financial Services: Efficiency of emerging financial system largely depends upon the quality and variety of financial services provided by financial intermediaries. The term financial services can be defined as activites, benefits and satisfaction connected with sale of money, that offers to users and customers, financial related value. Pre-reforms Phase Until the early 1990s, the role of the financial system in India was primarily restricted to the function of channeling resources from the surplus to deficit sectors. Whereas the financial system performed this role reasonably well, its operations came to be marked by some serious deficiencies over the years. The banking sector suffered from lack of competition, low capital base, low Productivity and high intermediation cost. After the nationalization of large banks in 1969 and 1980, the Government-owned banks dominated the banking sector. The role of technology was minimal and the quality of service was not given adequate importance. Banks also did not follow proper risk management systems and the prudential standards were weak. All these resulted in poor asset quality and low profitability. Among non-banking financial intermediaries, development finance institutions (DFIs) operated in an over-protected environment with most of the funding coming from assured sources at concessional terms. In the insurance sector, there was little competition. The mutual fund industry also suffered from lack of competition and was dominated for long by one institution, viz. , the Unit Trust of India. Non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) grew rapidly, but there was no regulation of their asset side. Financial markets were characterized by control over pricing of financial assets, barriers to entry, high transaction costs and restrictions on movement of funds/participants between the market segments. This apart from inhibiting the development of the markets also affected their efficiency. Financial Sector Reforms in India It was in this backdrop that wide-ranging financial sector reforms in India were introduced as an integral part of the economic reforms initiated in the early 1990s with a view to improving the macroeconomic performance of the economy. The reforms in the financial sector focused on creating efficient and stable financial institutions and markets. The approach to financial sector reforms in India was one of gradual and non-disruptive progress through a consultative process. The Reserve Bank has been consistently working towards setting an enabling regulatory framework with prompt and effective supervision, development of technological and institutional infrastructure, as well as changing the interface with the market participants through a consultative process. Persistent efforts have been made towards adoption of international benchmarks as appropriate to Indian conditions. While certain changes in the legal infrastructure are yet to be effected, the developments so far have brought the Indian financial system closer to global standards. The reform of the interest regime constitutes an integral part of the financial sector reform. With the onset of financial sector reforms, the interest rate regime has been largely deregulated with a view towards better price discovery and efficient resource allocation. Initially, steps were taken to develop the domestic money market and freeing of the money market rates. The interest rates offered on Government securities were progressively raised so that the Government borrowing could be carried out at market-related rates. In respect of banks, a major effort was undertaken to simplify the administered structure of interest rates. Banks now have sufficient flexibility to decide their deposit and lending rate structures and manage their assets and liabilities accordingly. At present, apart from savings account and NRE deposit on the deposit side and export credit and small loans on the lending side, all other interest rates are deregulated. Indian banking system operated for a long time with high reserve requirements both in the form of Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR). This was a consequence of the high fiscal deficit and a high degree of monetisation of fiscal deficit. The efforts in the recent period have been to lower both the CRR and SLR. The statutory minimum of 25 per cent for SLR has already been reached, and while the Reserve Bank continues to pursue its medium-term objective of reducing the CRR to the statutory minimum level of 3. 0 per cent, the CRR of SCBs is currently placed at 5. 0 per cent of NDTL. As part of the reforms programme, due attention has been given to diversification of ownership leading to greater market accountability and improved efficiency. Initially, there was infusion of capital by the Government in public sector banks, which was followed by expanding the capital base with equity participation by the private investors. This was followed by a reduction in the Government shareholding in public sector banks to 51 per cent. Consequently, the share of the public sector banks in the aggregate assets of the banking sector has come down from 90 per cent in 1991 to around 75 per cent in2004. With a view to enhancing efficiency and productivity through competition, guidelines were laid down for establishment of new banks in the private sector and the foreign banks have been allowed more liberal entry. Since 1993, twelve new private sector banks have been set up. As a major step towards enhancing competition in the banking sector, foreign direct investment in the private sector banks is now allowed up to 74 per cent, subject to conformity with the guidelines issued from time to time. Conclusion: The Indian financial system has undergone structural transformation over the past decade. The financial sector has acquired strength, efficiency and stability by the combined effect of competition, regulatory measures, and policy environment. While competition, consolidation and convergence have been recognized as the key drivers of the banking sector in the coming years